The three newly opened cases are part of a new wave of antitrust enforcement in Europe. The European Commission filed formal charges last month against
Apple Inc.
for allegedly abusing its control over the distribution of music-streaming apps, including
Spotify Technology SA
. In November, it filed formal charges against
Amazon.com Inc.
for allegedly using nonpublic data it gathers from third-party sellers to unfairly compete against them. Both companies denied wrongdoing.
At the same time, the U.K.’s CMA has opened investigations into Google’s announcement that it will retire third-party cookies, a technology advertisers use to track web users, and whether Apple imposes anticompetitive conditions on some app developers, including the use of Apple’s in-app payment system, which is also the subject of a lawsuit in the U.S.
In the EU, the European Commission has been investigating Facebook for more than a year on multiple fronts. Facebook and the Commission have squabbled over access to internal documents as part of those investigations.